Does Spirit Baptism Occur After Conversion?
Some charismatic teaching indicates that a person must undergo a separate experience of receiving (or being baptized with) the Holy Spirit sometime after conversion. To arrive at this perspective, they lean heavily and sincerely upon instances in Acts when this either did happen (Acts 2:4ff, Acts 8:14-17, Acts 19:1-7) or merely appeared to happen (Acts 11:15-17). Do these occurrences teach that all believers must undergo the same experience or do they teach something else?
The Spirit Baptism Instances in Acts
The instance in Acts 2 occurred to the twelve apostles and perhaps to a larger group of Jewish disciples of Jesus, numbering about 120 (Acts 1:15). These men and ladies were already believers in Christ, but Spirit baptism occurred to them after their individual conversions because Jesus had foretold them this would happen (Acts 1:4-5). Furthermore, it did not occur because they had somehow arrived at a new level of spiritual understanding or maturity. It happened, instead, because this was the beginning of a new era in which every believer would be baptized with the indwelling Spirit. This phenomenon did not occur to them when they previously believed because they had believed on Jesus before this era began. Spirit baptism was not a "thing" when they believed. It became a "thing" the moment they were baptized with the Spirit in Acts 2, and this has continued ever since.
This phenomenon did not occur to them when they previously believed because they had believed on Jesus before this era began.
The instance in Acts 8 features a new set of recipients. In Acts 2, Jewish believers had been baptized by the Spirit; but in Acts 8, a new group of believers shared this same experience - some Samaritans (Acts 8:14). When Jewish believers in Jerusalem heard that their Samaritan neighbors to the north had believed on Jesus, they sent the apostles Peter and John to verify the authenticity of their faith. They did this because of a deep-seated prejudice against the Samaritan people due to their intermarriage with other races, among other reasons. The apostles, however, verified that these Samaritan disciples had genuinely believed on Christ and therefore authorized Spirit baptism for them as well, something which the Jewish believers would have been reluctant to accept apart from apostolic affirmation.Unlike the previous two, the instance of Spirit baptism in Acts 10 and 11 did not occur after conversion. It occurred simultaneously instead. To suggest that it did occur after conversion, some will point to Acts 10:1-2, which describes the people who would later receive the Holy Spirit as ones who already "feared God" and "prayed to God always." Such a description, however, does not prove that these people were genuine believers. They only reveal that these were people who were being drawn by the Father to salvation and were therefore seeking the God of the Bible as best as they knew how. In fact, when Peter retold the story of their conversion, he made it clear that they would be "saved" after he told them the words of the gospel, not before (Acts 11:14).
Unlike the previous two, the instance of Spirit baptism in Acts 10 and 11 did not occur after conversion.
The remarkable thing about this third instance of Spirit baptism is not when it occurred (i.e., before or after salvation), but to whom it occurred. The first instance occurred to fully Jewish believers, with participation and authentication by the apostles. The second instance, then, occurred to partially Jewish believers (also authenticated by the apostles). This third instance occurred to entirely non-Jewish believers, however, and was also authenticated by the apostles. In fact, this development was so stunning to the Jewish audience that Luke repeated the story in two consecutive chapters (Acts 10 and 11). In Acts 10 he recorded the instance itself, while in Acts 11 he recorded the way that Peter retold the story to the skeptical Jewish believers in Jerusalem afterward. These found it surprising that God would grant the Holy Spirit to people having no Jewish ethnicity whatsoever. Nevertheless, Luke recorded this progression of events to ensure confidence that God had indeed granted this new ministry of the Holy Spirit to believers from any ethnicity, whether Jewish or not.
The remarkable thing about this third instance of Spirit baptism is not when it occurred (i.e., before or after salvation), but to whom it occurred.
The final instance of Spirit baptism in Acts appears in Acts 19:1-7. It features twelve disciples who, like the group of believers in Acts 2, had believed on Jesus prior to the start of the "Spirit baptism" era. This is a unique case, however, because these followers had not believed on the most recent preaching of Jesus. They had believed on the message about Jesus as preached by John the Baptist, which means that they were missing the most recent revelation from Christ. With Paul's guidance, they "upgraded" their belief and embraced the complete gospel of Jesus Christ. Following this, they received the indwelling, baptizing ministry of the Holy Spirit like every other believer, with apostolic affirmation from Paul. This is a unique event which does not happen today, since no one follows the ministry of John the Baptist.
Spirit Baptism Today
All together, the four instances of Spirit baptism detailed in Acts provide a narrative, historical, and chronological timeline and progression of events which occurred as God introduced the divine ministry of Spirit baptism to believers. Through the events which Luke described, we know that God gives Spirit baptism to every believer, whether they are fully Jewish, partially Jewish, or not Jewish at all. We also know that Spirit baptism accompanies belief in the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ and did not occur to people prior to this message and completed work of Jesus Christ on our behalf.
Through the events which Luke described, we know that God gives Spirit baptism to every believer.
Paul summarized these observations most clearly in his letter to the church at Corinth when he said, "By one Spirit we were all baptized into one body - whether Jews or Greeks, whether slaves or free - and have all been made to drink into one Spirit" (1 Cor 12:13). By saying this, Paul affirms that everyone who believes on Christ is also "baptized into" the body of Christ by the Holy Spirit. Unlike the initial days following the introduction of Spirit baptism, there is no such thing as a genuine believer today who has not received the baptism of the Holy Spirit.
Everyone who believes on Christ is also "baptized into" the body of Christ by the Holy Spirit.
The ministry of the Holy Spirit occurs simultaneously with conversion. In fact, Paul clearly states that it is a mark of being saved. In his letter to the believers at Rome, he said, "If anyone does not have the Spirit of Christ, he is not his" (Rom 8:9). Knowing this, if a person says that he has believed on Jesus Christ but has not yet received the Holy Spirit (or has not yet been baptized by the Spirit), then he is wrong in one of two ways. Perhaps he is wrong because he is a genuine believer who does not understand that he has already been baptized by the Spirit. Or perhaps he is wrong because he has not genuinely believed on Jesus Christ for salvation and therefore has not been baptized by the Spirit. But it is impossible for him to belong to Christ without the Spirit of Christ indwelling him. If a person has not been baptized by the Holy Spirit, then that person is not a believer at all.
